Why do I want to become a U.S Parks Police officer Essay

Why do I want to become a U.S Parks Police officer - Essay Example Moreover, it maintains fairness and accountability in all its endeavors. Personal conduct and ethical behavior constitute its fundamental principles; and as a consequence, it requires all its personnel to maintain the highest standards of conduct (Mission and Value Statement). This extraordinary and truly awe inspiring organization is dedicated to the safeguarding of human life. Furthermore, it provides the excellent service to the public, the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. Another important feature of this institution is that its personnel hold themselves accountable to each other and the public whom they serve (Mission and Value Statement). The United States Park Police was established in the year 1791, by George Washington, the first president of the US. Its inception was prior to that of the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. Subsequently, the US Park Police was rendered a branch of the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. Its jurisdiction extends to all Federal Park Service areas in the US, and specific Federal and State lands. Some of the important areas to which the United States Park Police extends its exemplary services are Washington DC, New York City, San Francisco and the metropolitan areas of California (The United States Park Police). This organization performs several significant duties. For instance, it promotes and implements the objectives and goals of the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. It achieves this laudable objective by providing exemplary law enforcement, in order to protect human life, national treasures, democratic icons, and natural resources (Mission and Value Statement). I fell under the charm of these blue clad protectors of society at a very early age. Moreover, I had opportunity to see these supermen and superwomen in action, on several occasions.

Ostracism in Athenian Democracy

Ostracism in Athenian Democracy Question 3. Ostraka Ostracism was a process instituted as one of the Kleisthenic reforms of 508/7BC as a result of the non-elite intervention in the conflict with the Spartan backed Isagoras, although there is no evidence for its actual use before 487BC (Forsdyke 2005: 144). Lasting for a period of 70 years it was a symbolic reminder of democratic power as opposed to elite rule as well as a pragmatic device for controlling the ambitions of potentially powerful traitors, or leading figures, without destabilizing the political system (Forsdyke 2005: 143). It required a minimum of 6,000 male citizens to take part in an annual secret ballot by inscribing the name of their preferred candidate on a potsherd (ostrakon plural ostraka) and the person who polled the most votes on a simple majority basis was exiled from Athens and Attica for a period of 10 years (Easterling and Handley 2001: 26) with the property and rights of the exile being protected by law during their exclusion. Ostrakon A. The inscriptions on this ostrakon(Fig. 1) can be transcribed, transliterated and translated as follows:- ÃŽ  ÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ„¢ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽâ€ºÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ £ ÃŽ §ÃŽ £ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ ÃŽËœÃŽâ„¢ÃŽ  ÃŽ  ÃŽÅ¸ Perikles Xsanthippo Pericles (son) of Xanthippos Pericles was an aristocratic politician who became a democratic leader and this text shows his name inscribed alongside the genitive patronymic (the name of his father). A member of the Alkmaeonid family his mother was the niece of Kleisthenes and his father had been exiled in 484BC but recalled as a general during the Persian war. In 463/2BC he was elected as a prosecutor of Cimon who had been accused of receiving bribes from Alexander of Macedon and this opposition to Cimon brought a coalition with Ephialtes in 462BC to attack and reform the Areopagus (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1139). When Ephialtes died and Cimon was ostracised Pericles became one of the most influential men in Athens, being elected as strategos (general) for 10 consecutive years from 443BC, and was an unopposed ruler who had an ambitious foreign policy of westward expansion that saw Athens become predominant in Greece (Bowder 1982: 157). The extensive public building programme instituted by Pericles, which included the re-building of the Parthenon (Bowder 1982: 156), was intended to make Athens an example to all Greece (Thucydides 2.41). An active military leader he put down a revolt in Euboea in 446BC and reviewed Athens grain supply during an expedition to the Black Sea (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1139). Having once proposed a unification of all Greek states that had fought Persia, which Sparta opposed, his strategy, based upon the advice of Themistocles (Thucydides 1.93.16-17), as Athenian leader in the Peloponnesian war was to avoid fighting in the open, stay behind their fortifications and allow their sea power to prevail. Unfortunately the Athenians did not follow this policy which resulted in defeat (Davies 1993: 118-20). Pericles also made probably the most famous speech on Athenian democracy as a funeral oration for those who fell fighting Sparta in the first year of the Peloponnesian war where he commen ds the Athenian model to their neighbours as government by the many as opposed to an elite few (Barrow 1999: 29-30, Thucydides 2.35-46). Ostrakon B. The text on this ostrakon(Fig. 2) can be transcribed, transliterated and translated as follows:- ÃŽ £ÃŽÅ¸ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ ¤ÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ £: ΑÎ ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽâ€œÃŽ ¥ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ £ÃŽâ„¢ÃŽÅ¸ÃŽ £ Sokrates: Anagyrasios Socrates (of the deme) of Anagyrous The Socrates named here is not the famous philosopher but a general, one of the 10 strategos elected annually one from each of the 10 tribes (Barrow 1999: 20). The text gives the demotic adjective in the nominative case rather than the more usual genitive patronymic and from this deme name we can link Socrates to the Erechtheis tribe (Whitehead 1986: 369). Anagyrous was a garrison deme, possibly part of the signalling network (Whitehead 1986: 401) and as this ostrakon relates to 440BC (Easterling and Handley 2001: 28) we can assume Socrates was elected as strategos by his tribe in 441/440BC and given command of the Anagyrous garrison. We know nothing else of him so can only guess at why he was nominated for ostracism. Inscriptions C (Easterling and Handley 2001: p29). These inscriptions can be transliterated and translated as:- Themisthokles Neokleos Themistocles (son) of Neocles Themisthokles Neokleosito Themistocles (son) of Neocles Get Out Although these ostraka have the more normal form showing the genitive case patronymic two items are of note. Firstly, the double use of theta in Themistocles name and secondly the use of ito (Get out) which underlines the depth of feeling against him (Easterling and Handley 2001: 29) which is an interesting perspective given his reputation as father of the Athenian navy and the fact that he had implemented ostracism in 487BC (Bowder 1982: 198). There is evidence that the surviving ostraka on which Themistocles name is inscribed were written by only 14 people and this may reflect either the poor level of literacy at the time (ostraka being pre-prepared or written by a scribe) or some form of vote rigging (Murray 1993: 285). Themistocles was an Athenian politician, a member of the Lycomid family, a radical democrat who attempted to destroy the aristocracy and considered to be one of the greatest men of his generation (Bowder 1982: 199). When he was archonhe had developed Piraeus as the harbour of Athens (Thucydides 1.93.11-12) and argued that output from the Laurium silver mines be spent on increasing the size of the Athenian navy, ostensibly for the war against Aigina but in reality for use against Persia, which culminated in the victory at Salamis in 480BC (Herodotus 7.144.1-5). Although he had avoided being ostracised in the 480s he was sent into exile in 470/1BC after clashing with Cimon over accusations of negotiating with Persia (Bowder 1982: 198) but when accused by Sparta of becoming Persian he was recalled, fled and in his absence was condemned to death for treason. Arriving in Persia he was made governor of Magnesia where he remained until his death (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1497). Ostracism fell into disrepair after 416BC when Alcibiades and Phiax manipulated its use to combine their forces and have their political rival Hyperbolus exiled. Corruption had always been present but this time it had been so blatant and visible that it completely discredited the process and its use was abandoned (Easterling and Handley 2001: 29). Bibliography Ancient Sources Herodotus: The Histories. trans. A. De Selincourt (Penguin ukessays>essays>classics). Middlesex. Penguin Books. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1986. Thucydides: The History of the Peloponnesian War. trans. R. Livingstone (The Worlds ukessays>essays>classics). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1973. Modern Sources Barrow, R. 1999: Athenian Democracy. (Inside the Ancient World). London. Bristol Classical Press. Bowder, D. (ed.) 1982: Who was who in the Greek world. Oxford. Phaidon Press. Davies, J.K. 1993: Democracy and Classical Greece. 2nd Edition (Fontana History of the Ancient World). London. Harper Collins. Forsdyke, S.L. 2005: Exile, Ostracism and Democracy: the Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece. Princeton. Princeton University Press. Hornblower, S and Spawforth, A (eds). 2003: The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd Edition Revised. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Murray, O. 1993: Early Greece. 2nd Edition (Fontana History of the Ancient World). London. Harper Collins. Whitehead, D. 1986: The Demes of Attica 508/7- 250BC. London. Princeton University Press.

A Theological Response to Natural Suffering :: Earthquake Religion Suffering God Papers

A Theological Response to Natural Suffering In his book, The Sacred Canopy, Peter Berger asserts that ``Religion has played a strategic part in the human enterprise of world building,`` and `` implies the farthest reach of his ( man`s) infusion of reality with his own meaning.`` (Berger, 1967, 27) Thus, theology, another term for religion, is the foundation of human sense of the meaning of life and closely related to our daily life. The 921 earthquake occured on September 21, 1999 that caused the most serious damage in Taiwan since 1935. Besides the 921 earthquake, there have been many other earthquakes and typhoons in Taiwan that have caused a great deal of loss of lives and properties. How do these people sense the meaning of the suffering in their lives? How does theology give them the appropriate answers to help them to deal with their suffering? These issues are the ministry of theology. The purpose of this project is to examine natural suffering through the understanding of the earthquake and the various perspectives of the suffering and its relationship with the Ultimate Reality, God. The goal is to identify an appropriate explanation of natural suffering and to help those suffering to heal, undergo personal transformation, and start new lives. The September 21, 1999 Earthquake Basic facts about the 921 earthquake At 1:47 on the morning of September 21,1999, Dr. Tsai, the president of Puli Christian hospital, drove on the road back to Puli. Twenty seconds after he passed a tunnel, he felt the vibration of the highway. When he turned his head, he found the tunnel he had just passed had collapse, and the crack of the road before almost made him loose control of his car. It was a strong earthquake that slammed the central area of Taiwan. The earthquake was measured 7.3 on the Richter scale. During the earthquake, the people of the entire island felt the shaking of earth beneath them and the building for a few minutes. In Nanto, the area of the epicenter, almost all of the buildings collapsed. In Taichung, a close metropolis, many buildings collapsed or bent. For the rest of the night, all the people in Taiwan were in the terror from numerous aftershocks. According to one citizen`s description, although the building she lived in was not damaged, her family slept in their car all night for fear that their home would collapse in the next aftershock.

Perception on the Nursing Profession and Career Choice of High School Students Essay

According to Wieck (2006), the nursing workforce seems to be at an exciting crossroad of change, both in recruiting and in curriculum. The environment of healthcare has changed and so has nursing, resulting in students asking, â€Å"What is nursing?† This question creates a challenge for nurse educators. In order to attract and retain bright, capable students in nursing, there must be changes in the nursing curriculum to provide and assure accurate and definitive perceptions of nursing. Factors which currently contribute to students’ perceptions of nursing must be identified in order to establish and provide students with the career making skills necessary in choosing a nursing career, find job satisfaction following graduation, and remain in nursing as a career. Peterson (2006) stated that historically, nurses have been predominantly females who were easily recognized by a white hat and uniform making the professional and the profession more visible. Today, white uniforms and hats have been replaced by vivid colored scrub suits worn by both male and female nurses. Students’ perceptions of nursing are based on visual images that are often limited to bedside care and drug administration instead of that of a highly skilled and well-educated nursing professional with an important role to play in healthcare. Foskett and Hensley-Brown (2008) suggests that students’ career perceptions are highly individual, and are the product of contracted images of jobs they see for themselves, derived images from media, and delegated images from parents and friends. The U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2000) lists nursing as one of the top 40 growth jobs for the next ten years. But looking in today’s scenario, the number of students applying to baccalaureate nursing programs across the nation is decreasing. In the Philippines, according to CHED Executive Director Julito Vitriolo (2010), nursing is considered one of the country’s oversubscribed courses – programs that have continually rising enrolment rates in the face of dwindling job vacancies, leading to an oversupply of graduates. With the study, the researchers would like to know view of high school graduating students regarding nursing profession and their career choice in college, whether to take up nursing or not. As reflected in today’s reality, many notice that there is a continuous decline in students taking up nursing course and being taken by some to be their future job but not as a profession as it should be. The researchers hope that this study will help schools on how they will intervene with the nursing curriculum being offered. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine the perception of high school students on the nursing profession and their career choice. Specifically, this study answered the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the 4th Year high school students in terms of: 1.1 Sex 1.2 Family’s Monthly Income 2. What is the career choice of high school students? 2.1 Courses in the College of Commerce 2.2 Courses in the College of Aviation 2.3 College of Criminology 2.4 College of Theology 2.5 College of Law 2.6 Courses in the College of Science 2.7 Courses in the College of Engineering 2.8 Courses in the College of Medicine and Health Care 2.9 Courses in the College of Arts 2.10 Courses in the College of Computer Studies 2.11 Courses in the College of Education 2.12 Courses in the College of Architecture and Fine Arts 3. What are the reasons of 4th year high school students in their preferred courses? 4. What are the perceptions of 4th year high school students on the nursing profession? Theoretical Framework People have a way of seeing the world and interpreting what is experienced. When encountering new knowledge or an experience that cannot be integrated comfortably with current ways of seeing the world, one has a choice of rejecting the new information or revising previous views. Mezirow calls this â€Å"transformative learning†, which can be done by reading or hearing something new, taking a course, or by having a discussion with friends or colleagues. Transformative learning involves changing one’s perspective. Mezirow also uses the term â€Å"meaning perspective† to describe how one sees the world. One expects to see things a certain way because of past experiences. This frame of reference or perspective stems from the way an individual grew up, one’s culture, and knowledge that has been acquired. Mezirow describes meaning perspectives as values of culture that have been accepted without question (i.e. because one grew up with it). For example, nursing is commonly perceived as a female profession. The opportunity to influence students’ perspectives about nursing can influence whether accurate perceptions are used in making a career decision about nursing. Transformative learning about nursing can satisfy certain needs that many students may have in order to make a more informed career decision regarding nursing. Students’ meaning perspectives about nursing that are outdated or inaccurate and not redirected by providing transformative learning, can affect students’ interests in nursing. Frank Parsons’ Trait-and Factor theory maintained that an individual would be best satisfied with a career that was matched with the characteristics of the individual. Parsons wrote the first book on career decision-making early in the twentieth century entitled Choosing a Vocation. His conceptual framework for helping an individual select a career one liked and that matched one’s abilities provides a systematic plan for career guidance. Shadowing, volunteer experiences, and academia about nursing can provide a conceptual framework for prenursing students that will allow them to determine if nursing is a satisfying career choice and matches their strongest personal skills. Ginsburg, Ginsburg, Axelrod, and Herma developed the first approach of career development from individual developmental stages. These researchers viewed career choice as a life-long developmental process and cited three stages categorized by characteristics within age groups. First, fantasy period of childhood before age 11, purely a play orientation early in the stage, becoming more work-oriented near the end of the stage. Second, tentative period of early adolescence, ages 11-17, a period of gradual recognition of work requirements, interests, abilities, work reward, values, and time perspectives. Third, realistic period involves adolescents, age 17 to young adult. Within this age, individuals integrate capacities and interests, further develop values, specify occupational choice, and crystallize occupational patterns. The Realistic Period is the age group and period of the typical prenursing student. Ginsberg theorized that as career decisions were made during this period, other careers were no longer potential choices. Although this was later proven to be false, Ginsberg continued to stress earlier choices in the career decision-making process. Conceptual Framework Figure 1. Perception on Nursing Profession and Career Choice of Fouth Year High School Students The figure on the next page shows the profile of fourth year high school students namely sex, and family income. Each respondent would be asked to specify their gender and how much their family earns every month. The study would gather the courses preferred by fourth year high school students through a variety of courses list given by the researchers. The study would tackle the reasons behind the choice of course made by the students. The study would also tackle the number of students who have chosen nursing as a course for college, and the reasons for such preference for nursing. Lastly, the study will show how fourth year high school students view nursing as a profession regardless of their course preferences. Assumptions of the Study This part of the study aims to shows the perceived possible cause-and- effect relationship to simplify a complex analysis. Female Fouth Year high school students choose nursing as their course in college than male 4th year high students. Fouth Year high school students from high earner families choose nursing as a course than 4th year high school students from low earner families. Fouth Year high school students who have relatives or family members who are in the medical field tend to enroll in the nursing curriculum than 4th year high school students who have no relatives or family members in the medical field. Fouth Year high school students who have friends enrolling in the nursing curriculum follow the same course than students without friends enrolling in the nursing curriculum. Significance of the Study This part of the study aims to show where it is relevant and useful. It provides insight to the following institutions and individuals which will serves as benefactors of this study. Parents. The study will provide better understanding of the students’ perception on choosing a career, thus, parents can help their children in the hardest decision in choosing a career that would suit them. It will make them be aware with the perceptions of students about nursing as a profession and a life career. Nursing Schools. Determining students’ perceptions about nursing would provide Nursing Schools with a basis for curriculum development. Identifying these perceptions can lead to academic standards and healthcare experiences that could prove crucial to meeting students’ individual career development needs both now and in the future. Graduate Nurses/Registered Nurses. This research is also important because it could provide information related to current perceptions about the nursing profession that experienced nurses could address as they mentor students. Students who wish to enrolled in nursing need to have nurse role models that present positive and accurate characteristics about nursing, as well as the negative aspects of the profession. Knowledge of both types of factors can provide students the necessary skills to formulate quality perceptions for career decision making. Nurses in the Academe. The result of this research can serve as a tool for nurse educators in developing a challenging curriculum preparing nursing students to integrate seriously the career into their life. The result can also serve to be a basis for an improve way of education and promotion of nursing profession to the young generation. Future Researchers. For researchers who want to pursue the study, it will be a great contribution in taking up steps to find further answers and knowledge on the perceptions of students and the relevance of nursing as a profession. Furthermore, the study can be a guide to know an increase or a decline on the number of nursing enrollees for the future Scope and Limitation This research study was conducted on Fouth Year high school students. This research is limited only to the first section of graduating high school students that enrolled for the school year 2013-2014 at Notre Dame of Marbel University – Integrated Basic Education Department, Notre Dame of Sienna School of Marbel, and Koronadal National Comprehensive High School located in the City of Koronadal, South Cotabato. Definition of Terms This part of the study provides meaning of terms being used by the researchers to support the understanding of the readers. Perception on the Nursing Profession. This term refers to a mental image of a person to the nursing profession. Perception is a subjective mater affected by different factors that vary from person to person. A person perceives nursing profession based on his observations in his day-to-day living in the society. Nursing Profession. It is a kind of career that gives an opportunity in rendering care and service to others. People who are in this profession are persons who has knowledge and skills in promoting health and wellness among individuals, families and communities he or she cared for. Career. The occupation in which a person does for a period of time. This is an occupation which a person has the opportunity to progress and it is regarded as a long-term or lifelong activity Career choice. A decision made by an individual to choose a field to specialize in for progression of jobs. A decision to attain career goals set by an individual. College. This term describes an institution of higher learning that offers tertiary level of education and awards bachelor’s and sometimes master’s degrees. College offers courses of different fields for undergraduates to specialize in. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This section presented a review of related literature based from different sources such as from previous studies that supported the reliability of the study. Historical Perspective of Nursing Since Florence Nightingale’s pioneering work, only five generations of nurses have set their footprints in history. In that short time, nursing has grown enormously in knowledge, skill, prestige, and value. Nursing needs to be recognized as a member of the scientific discipline that can make valuable contributions to healthcare (Mundinger, 2000). America witnessed nursing first in the 20th century in home visiting and community-based care. Then, during World War II nurses cared for patients on the European front and ran hospitals in the United States while physicians were at war. Nurses were entrepreneurs for soup kitchens for the poor, directed individual and family counseling on dietetics and school health stations, and provided most community-based care with physicians seeing only the critically ill. Nurses shed their uniforms for coveralls in the war and worked with their medical colleagues in the indistinguishable teamwork of saving lives, only to return after the war to resume their prewar status (Mundinger, 2000). Associate degree (AD) hospital based nursing programs, which had been the education and clinical training centers for nurses and supplied its nursing workforce, began to decline. Baccalaureate nursing programs, which offered a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) in addition to preparation for RN licensure became the focus for nursing education. The BSN degree began its ascendancy with emphasis on public health and leadership training, which resulted in advancing the BSN nurse as the hospital head nurse (Mundinger, 2000). Today NPs work in institutions and in private practice as clinical specialists where they see patients over an extended time period and across many settings and accountability in advanced nursing practice is growing. These advancements have fostered nurses with authoritative and complementary roles in team care with physicians (Mundinger, 2000). The valuable background of professional development of nursing is influenced by need, biomedical knowledge, and the economic and financial structure of the nation and its health care system. Among nursing’s greatest contributions are primarily counseling, teaching, disease prevention, and health promotion, which are much less riveting to the public than elegant technology and life-and-death medical situations that are often associated with the physician (Mundinger, 2000). Thus, nursing has struggled for recognition and independence as well as opportunity while often overshadowed by its partner, medicine. Mundinger further said that nursing has proven that it can advance its future by educational preparation, securing public recognition and access through research, and by developing a structure in the nation’s healthcare system that uses nursing services in a protected and focused way. Instead of preparing students for a specific job, literature suggests that nurse educators are equipped with knowledge, skills, and experiences that will allow them flexibility and an opportunity to advance throughout their careers (Moore, 2000). Key words to look for in nursing will be Advanced Nursing Practice (APN), Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), Nurse Practitioner (NP), and Nursing Role (Lynch, 2000). Image of Nursing Career images of nursing can be shaped by a number of influences. Data by researchers in a South Hampton, United Kingdom study involving secondary and college age students, confirmed the importance of career images and perceptions in shaping the career choices of individual students (Foskett and Hemsley-Brown, 2000). The word â€Å"perception† is defined as the â€Å"ability to perceive and the result of perceiving, to realize or become aware of something through the senses, an impression accompanied by an understanding of what it is† (Webster, 2000). Foskett and Hemsley-Brown (2000) state that gender images influence perceptions of nursing. Historically, nursing has been an occupation of women, as seen in all female nursing management, staffing, teaching, discipline, and organization. In fact, males under 10 years of age included in this study did not take the question about males in nursing seriously. The 17-year old males, however, were more conscious of being politically correct but still referred to the stereotypically feminine personality characteristics needed to be a nurse (i.e., patient, nice, caring). Additional data indicate that young men are unlikely to make a decision to enter nursing before age 21. College age males felt that male masculinity would be doubted if men chose a nursing career. Interestingly, the focus of a career as a physician centered around intellectual potential, whereas nursing focused around personality traits (Marshland, 2000). This could indicate a significance of role models and mentors as key factors influencing a student’s image of nursing. Students’ focus on the roles and tasks of nursing showed that younger students in the Foskett and Hemsley-Brown (2000) study saw nursing as very task oriented (i.e., related to visible tasks of patient care at the bedside). A greater percentage of older students appeared to perceive nursing as carrying out orders without responsibility, status, or authority. Foskett and Hemsley-Brown (2000) suggest that images of career progression and security are very important factors to students in formulating career perceptions. For example, most students in the research chose jobs they believed to offer greater career opportunities than nursing. These students chose jobs which were difficult to enter or highly selective, such as sports and acting. Understanding why students choose or reject a nursing career is relevant in designing a recruiting program for students. Nurse educators face the challenge of providing students with a variety of informative factors about nursing, which are important to students in career decision-making. Students are currently formulating career decisions from a variety of sources that do not include nurses; therefore, students may have vague, distorted, or inaccurate images of nursing that result in disillusioned career choices. A review of literature suggests that increasing numbers of students are making career decisions related to nursing based on a limited range of informational factors and deficient career making skills. The following data define how students presently view the nursing profession, at what age they begin to make decisions related to nursing, and some identified factors influencing students’ images of nursing. According to Kerstern, Barkwell, and Meyers’ (2001) students chose nursing related to five categories of reasons. In order of frequency students’ reasons stemmed from a desire to nurture, meet emotional needs, employment opportunities, financial opportunities, and interest in science/disease. Stevens and Walker (2003) reported the most frequent reason for collegebound students to choose nursing was the desire to help people, followed by wanting to do important work and the desire to work with all kinds of people. Kelly, Shoemaker, and Steele (2006) examined the motivational factors for males choosing a career in the predominantly female dominated field. The results revealed that the choice of a career in nursing was influenced by the following: job security/availability; desire to help people, professional autonomy, and previous contact with the healthcare system (i.e. volunteering, working, family member, etc.), and family support. The foregoing studies revealed that most male and female students’ primary interest in nursing was not linked to cognitive understanding of nursing, but on emotional desires, such as helping people and the desire to nurture. In the three studies cited in examining students’ interests in nursing, at least two of the studies showed significant interest in each of the remaining areas. Students’ knowledge base of educational programs for nursing, nursing licensure, professional opportunities, or professional responsibilities were not indicated. (Foskett and Hemsley-Brown, 2000) Beck (2000) suggests that nurse educators need to use creative strategies and programs in career education to attract more applicants, and that first-hand knowledge of why students choose nursing as a career is basic and necessary. Three new pieces of important information on students’ reasons for choosing a nursing career that emerged through Beck’s study in the year 2000 were the powerful effect of observing nurses in action, feeling as though something was missing from their original career choice, and not gaining acceptance into medical school. Although Beck’s study cannot be broadly generalized, it does have implications for nurse educators. It confirmed a repetitive pattern among students entering nursing as a career, namely a strong desire to help people and to experience an idealized â€Å"one to one† relationship with patients. A student’s perception that the nursing profession reaps benefits for both patient and nurse are not always matched with the realities of today’s healthcare delivery. Consistently, a student’s strongest perception about nursing is that of a nurse’s one to one relationship with patients, which in today’s managed healthcare system is not a reality. One implication in general for nursing educators was that of not setting up students for disillusionment. Changes in nursing practice need to be made clear to students. Curriculum must be implemented to help students and new graduates adjust to realities of today’s healthcare. Importantly, students must still be able to realize satisfaction and pleasure in the career they have perceived as one of caring for others. Otherwise, students are more likely to drop out of nursing programs or leave the profession after entering the workforce. (Author) Why are students overlooking careers in nursing? The Journal of Vocational Education and Training (Foskett and Hemsley-Brown, 2000) sought to develop an understanding of how students perceive nursing as a career at various stages in their education, and how these perceptions affect students’ interests in nursing. The study indicates that decisions about jobs are being made at an early age and that by late elementary school students have often rejected jobs on the basis of perceptions. Thus, it is important to provide career information and experience for well-defined perceptions about nursing that can be developed for greater career decision-making skills. On many campuses, curriculum-based community â€Å"service learning,† as it is most frequently referred to rather than traditional co-curricular volunteerism, represents a real growth area to enhance career-making skills (Fisher, 2006). Bringle and Hatcher (2006) define service learning as a credit-bearing educational experience in which students participate in an organized service activity that meets identified community needs. Students reflect on the service to gain further understanding of the course content, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility. Overall, the data revealed that young people have a very limited and out-dated understanding of career progression of nursing and were unaware of changes in nurse education and training. Nurse educators have a responsibility not to set up students for disillusionment but instead to identify prenursing students’ perceptions about nursing, help them to formulate accurate perceptions of nursing, and to adequately prepare them to succeed in nursing education and the nursing workforce. Impending Nursing Shortage Nursing programs everywhere are using inventive tactics of tuition reimbursement, financial aid, high school â€Å"shadowing† programs, and opening doors to immigrant and minority students in order to attract the volume of students needed to provide the nursing workforce to care for the future population. Declining enrollment in baccalaureate nursing programs, an aging nursing workforce, the majority of nurse educators nearing retirement, and the current environment of healthcare are key factors underlying the current nursing shortage. (Benjamin, 2000) Although recruitment incentives are being offered, little is being done to influence a prenursing student’s image of nursing, career making skills, or factors that negatively affect students’ images of nursing. Sound images of nursing and more informed dimensional career opportunities in nursing could provide students significant skills for more informed career decisions. Developing improved career-making skills allows prenursing opportunities to explore career/job satisfaction in nursing. Locke (2009) states, â€Å"Job satisfaction is the pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job as achieving or facilitating the achievement of one’s job values.† Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are functions perceived by what we want and what we obtain. Periodic assessments are needed periodically to determine the changes of students’ desire and need in a career. Locke says students who make more informed career decisions tend to find greater satisfaction in a chosen career. Therefore, students who choose a nursing career based on a more informed career decision should find greater career satisfaction as a nurse. Although the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2000) predicts a significant 21 percent job growth rate among RNs by 2006, the largest among all professions, fewer students are choosing careers in nursing. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing Media Relations (2000) states that with the steady decline of enrollment in baccalaureate nursing programs, the need to attract nursing students appears imperative. The Bureau of Health Professions, Division of Nursing (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000a), estimates that by 2010 the country will need 1.4 million RNs with a BSN, but will have only 635,000. Of the 532,000 nursing positions requiring a master’s degree or Ph.D., only 250,000 nurses will actually be available to fill the demand. Literature reflects the aging of the current nursing workforce, indicating the average age of RNs to be 44.3 years, with those under age 30 representing only 10 percent (Peterson, 2001). Alarmingly, one-third of these young nurses indicated that they plan to leave the nursing profession within the next year (Hagan, 2001). Most nurse educators are nearing retirement with an average age of 55.5 years. This will affect the future of nursing education and the supply of students to fill nursing vacancies according to the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses Preliminary Findings (U.S. Department of Health Services, 2000a; Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2000). Conversely, changes in financing and organization of healthcare delivery resulted in a decreased demand for nursing services through the 1990s. In addition, forced deteriorations in quality healthcare resulting from constant cutbacks have made it difficult for frustrated nurses to encourage students to become nurses (Peterson, 2001). The projected intersection of supply and demand to the current shortage of nursing is estimated to be 2010, when the supply of RNs will no longer exceed the need. The future supply and demand of RNs will show a widening gap unless measures are taken to attract students into nursing, reduce attrition rates, and retain nursing graduates (Peterson, 2001) Virtually everyone has been in contact with and experienced the importance of having a nurse care for them during one’s lifetime. Dicey Smith, MSN RN, an expert in the field says, â€Å"Nursing is the only profession I know that allows one to impact the lives of others from birth to the grave (Smith, 2001).† It is often referred to as the â€Å"heart and soul† of health care (Harris, 2000). Studies prompted by Congressional involvement showed a strong and consistent relationship between nurse staffing and important patient outcomes in acute care hospitals inpatient units (Needleman, 2001). The results of these studies indicated that patients cared for by a higher RN share of total staffing had a reduction in secondary infections and length of stay in hospital. Also, careful monitoring of in-home technology by nurses showed improved clinical outcomes (Compher, 2001). A number of related factors provide useful guidelines to indicate the increasing need for RNs. Study results indicate that older Americans compose a greater segment of the U.S. population than ever before. The U. S. Census Bureau (1995) and the U.S. Government Census (2000) report that since 1990, the percentage of Americans aged 65 and older has tripled, and the elderly population itself is getting older. Americans 85 and older, representing 4.0 million individuals, is 33 times larger. According to the Programs and Initiatives for Aging (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000b), one out of every six Americans, a total of over 89 million, will live to be 100 years old in the next 30 years (Peterson, 2001). An adequate nursing force will be needed to care for this aging population of â€Å"baby boomers,† who are living longer and healthier lives and are expected to live well into their 80s and 90s. Nurses oversee patient care in the community; provide primary care in a variety of non-acute settings, and highly technical care with acutely ill patients requiring hospitalization. Nurses are among a few health professionals responsible to their patients and profession to validate the safety and efficacy of healthcare practice. Over 50 million people a year are hospitalized, and because of the central role nurses plays in hospitals and nursing homes across the nation, the nursing shortage is everyone’s problem (Nursing World, 2000; Nevidjon and Erickson, 2001). Importance of Informed Career Decision-Making Studs Turkel stated, â€Å"A career is about daily meaning as well as daily bread. For recognition as well as cash, for astonishment rather than torpor; in short for a sort of life rather than Monday through Friday sort of dying. We have a right to ask about work that includes its meaning, recognition and astonishment, and life† (Byars, 2006). Many prenursing students are uncertain about what career opportunities nursing will offer them, and some have misconceptions about what a nurse actually does. Some students have just never considered nursing. Could informed career decision-making influence recruitment of students into nursing, lower attrition rates, and help retain nursing graduates in the workforce? Career development is a lifelong process, which incorporates education, occupational training, and work, as well as one’s social and leisure life (Zunker, 2000). Today, the changes in the work-world and new definitions of what a career is are challenging us to make sense of our careers and reassess their meaning in our lives. Traditional job definitions are vaporizing, and it is never too early to begin preparing for a life-long career (Alaniz, 20001). Career guidance and counseling are components of a total career education program. Students need to understand themselves in order to explore and plan a career. The School-To-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 states the strong need for career education and development programs for all students in order to provide students with information sharing, outreach, communication, career education, labor market information, job placement, work experience programs, counseling and assessment, and public relations (Cunanan, et. al, 2000). Developing accurate perceptions about the career in which a student is interested is one key to informed career decision-making. Recruiting students into nursing can begin with younger students as they formulate career goals and look to mentors as role models in careers they identify with. â€Å"Eyes to the Future† is an online multi-age magazine targeting middle school girls interested in math and science. It reaches them at an age when they are thinking about which career path they might take for the future. It also links middle school girls with high school girls interested in math and sciences who can be mentors and help the former make wise career choices (Little, 2000). The curriculum for an Introduction to orientation to nursing course could include placing prenursing students as mentors for younger students whose images of nursing are gradually increasing. A greater number of students may choose careers in nursing if provided with better decision-making skills and positive perceptions at a younger age, before negative images of nursing are shaped. There are many challenges for nursing to develop programs to interest students in nursing. Primary Care Resource Initiative for Missouri (PRIMO) is an example of a career development program designed to remedy the shortage of nurses by placing students in grades 7-12 in summer â€Å"shadowing† health-related professional programs. PRIMO serves as a successful career decision-making tool for students interested in health careers, and encourages students in high school through post-graduation education to remain and practice in Missouri (Northeast Missouri Area Health Education Center, 2000). Some nursing programs encourage or require a volunteer or â€Å"shadowing† experience for admission. This experience helps students to see firsthand what a career in nursing has to offer (Benjamin, 2000). A introduction to Nursing course that is designed to acquaint students with professional nursing could provide students further opportunities to explore the academia of nursing, as well as clinical images, before a career choice is made. If bright, capable students are uncertain or have not made a decision about a career, the orientation class may provide them with insight into an excellent and promising career of nursing. Foskett and Hemsley-Brown’s study (2000) indicates that the main reason individuals desire to become a nurse is helping people. Indifference is the main reason for not wanting to enter nursing; therefore, many students had not rejected a nursing career but instead had not given it any consideration. Identifying students’ perceptions about nursing academia can indicate to nurse educators, advisors, and recruiters whether or not students’ perceptions are based on accurate information from professional sources. Also, by linking students’ images of clinical nursing in the setting with facts, nurse professionals can help students to develop accurate perceptions, which can determine career goals now and in the future. To provide an adequate nursing workforce and to replace waning numbers of nurse educators, it is important to understand factors contributing to students’ current career decision-making skills (Beck, 2000). This researcher’s findings could provide data to professional nurses related to current student expectations about the nurse workforce. Recently, career opportunities for women have escalated and the mostly female dominated profession of nursing is facing stiff competition in career choice alternatives. Schools of nursing, nurse advisors/recruiters, and nurse mentors could utilize information related to current student perceptions of nursing in understanding what students are looking for in making career choices. Prenursing students could make more informed career decisions about a career in nursing if their perceptions were clearly understood by professionals and those who educate nursing’s future practitioners. (Marshland, 2000) Little research has been done to determine prenursing students’ academic and clinical perceptions regarding nursing. It is the researcher’s intent to determine what these students’ perceptions are, and to identify any factors that may have influenced their development. Data collected can then be used by nurse educators to develop a curriculum that will address student’s needs, which may affect recruitment and/or retention of prenursing students. Identifying images that may affect the perceptions of nursing can also provide data for improving or developing a new curriculum in career education for prenursing students. Questions that can be targeted in an Introduction to Nursing course may include: What are the reasons students are not choosing a nursing career, what are students’ perceptions of a professional nurse, or what can one do with a degree in nursing, and can students be recruited into the nursing profession through career education/development? These questions need to be answered in order to address the current shortage of baccalaureate nursing students in our universities and in the nursing workforce. (Hinshaw, 2001) Teenagers see nursing as working irregular shifts, taking orders from doctors, and bedside care probably forever (Sherrod, 2001). Many students still see nursing and think of bedpans and needles. Although this certainly can be part of nursing care, the role of the registered nurse today is a team coordinator of healthcare providers assuring quality care for all patients (Corcoran, 2001). Alaniz (2000) says that nursing students will need to possess the qualities: motivator, savvy, and team player. They will need to speak several languages and understand the cultures from which those languages come; master the Internet and know how to navigate its sea of information to find the precise data needed; feel at ease with all of the latest medical technology; be knowledgeable of all medical insurance policies and legal and ethical codes (state and federal) related to healthcare; and understand the human 32 psyche. Nurses must also be excellent communicators and maintain clear communication with all colleagues, doctors, and patients defusing all interpersonal conflicts in a flash. The nurse of the future must anticipate healthcare trends years away and train for them now. A nurse will marry and raise a family, coach children’s sports teams, care for aging parents, and finish graduate degrees while completing research. If that is not enough, they will be on the cutting edge in telemedicine and consulting on several committees and boards. The nursing profession and America must be sensitive to the needs of providing career development to students and adults, formulating well-defined perceptions about professional nursing in the 21st century. In the study conducted by Rasmussen (2001), he mentioned that high school students of today want some adventure in their lives and some travel in their careers as cited by Diane Mancino, Ed.D. RN, executive director of the National Student Nurses Association (NSNA). The NSNA has recently produced a youth recruitment video, â€Å"Nursing: The Ultimate Adventure,† targeting youth at the high school level in promoting modern images of nursing. The video creates a sense of excitement about the field and discusses the emotional effect a nurse can have on patients. It shows interviews with students who want to go into nursing, and new images of career opportunities in nursing such as, research, the pharmaceutical industry, technology, and law, and the ability to make autonomous decisions on a moment-to moment basis in healthcare delivery. Byars (2000) says that exploring careers is essential for youth to understand the world of work, but it must also include career education that will inform youth of challenges of adult life. Reaching one’s career goals does not guarantee happiness, success, and personal fulfillment. Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature As times goes on, Nursing as a profession must need to recognized as one of the important professions aligned with scientific discipline that always make valuable contributions to the society. In early times, nurses were already known as individuals who gave care to the sick and they were the assistants of physicians in treating those ill and sick persons. Today, in these modern times, nurses work in institutions and in private practice as clinical specialists where they see patients over an extended time period and across many settings and accountability in advanced nursing practice is developing. Theses advancements offered nurses to have authority and complementary roles as members in the health team with physicians. Indeed, nursing is a profession that our society needs. This is because each of us should have knowledge about diseases so that we will be able to manage if certain diseases will attack our health and then because our healthcare system is suffering from economic and financial constraints. Expert says that one factor that influences perception on nursing profession is the gender criterion. Many people see nursing as a profession only for female. They are only few males who take up nursing than females. Another is, people see nursing as very task oriented profession. There should be that appropriate career image of nursing so that people will be guided to what is nursing really about. Also, understanding why students choose or reject nursing as their career is relevant in designing an recruiting program for students especially for those nursing schools. There must be an instillitation to the students’ minds about basic and appropriate information regarding the nursing profession so that they will be guided appropriately in perceiving nursing as a profession and in choosing nursing as their career. A study showed that students chose nursing because they have the desire to nurture, to meet their emotional needs, because of employment opportunities, financial opportunities, and because they have an interest to science and diseases. Some says they chose nursing as their career because they have the willingness to help people and the desire to work with all kinds of people. Chapter III METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the methodology, the setting, the respondents involved, the instruments used which will be validated to establish reliability of the questionnaires, and summary of the data obtained to be interpreted. Research Design Generally, the study is a descriptive study; descriptive research designs that provided researchers with information about the perception of Fourth Year high school students on the nursing profession. This will further describe their views. Their career choice and the reasons for the course preferences and preference for nursing. Research Instruments A questionnaire-type instrument was chosen, the researchers aim to have accurate results on the career choice of Fourth Year high School students, their perception on nursing profession, and their reasons for their course preference. The instrument was subjected to evaluation and validation by panel of experts. It was subjected to a pre-test to evaluate its appropriateness to the study. To test validity, the method Content Validity. The questionnaire was criticized and evaluated by a group of experts to validate reliability and accuracy of questionnaire. Target Population and Sampling Procedures The target population of the study was the Fourth Year high school students. This fourth year high school students were taken from Notre Dame of Marbel University – IBED, Notre Dame Sienna School of Marbel, and Koronadal National Comprehensive High School located in Koronadal City, South Cotabato. It is limited to the Fourth Year high school students enrolled for School Year (S.Y) 2013 – 2014) and belonged to the first section of the three (3) schools mentioned above located in Koronadal City, South Cotabato. The first section was chosen because of the following characteristics: Nursing grade standards. Thus, convenience sampling was adopted as the sampling method of the study. Setting of the Study The study was conducted in three different High Schools of Koronadal City, South Cotabato. The researchers entered the firsts sections of each school and conducted the study. Chapter IV FINDINGS This chapter includes the presentation analysis and the interpretation of the data gathered about the perception of fourth year high school students presents the interpretation of the data gathered about The Perception on the Nursing Profession and Career Choice of High School Students. Table 1.1 shows the sex distribution of the respondents of the study. Out of one hundred twenty eight (128) total respondents of the study, eighty eight (88) were females and forty (40) were males. Table 1.2 shows the sex distribution of the respondents that chose nursing as their career. Out of seven (7) who chose nursing, all are females. Table 1.3 shows the family’s monthy income of the respondents of the study. Among the given projected monthly family income, above fifty thousand one pesos (50,001php) is the highest monthly family income and below ten thousand (10,000) being the lowest. Out of one hundred twenty eight (128) total respondents of the study, fourteen (14) respondents have a family income of below ten thousand pesos (10,000php) per month, thirty-four (34) respondents have ten thousand one to twenty thousand pesos (10,001 – P20,000php) per month, twenty-four (24) have twenty thousand one pesos to thirty thousand (20,001 – 30,000php), ten (10) have thirty thousand one pesos to forty thousand pesos (30,001 – 40,000) monthly family income, fourteen (14) have forty thousand one pesos to fifty thousand pesos (40,001 – 50,000php) monthly family income, thirty-two (32) have a family income of above fifty thousand one pesos (50,001php). Table 1.4 shows the family monthly income of the respondents that chose nursing as their career. Out of seven (7) students that chose nursing, the distribution are as follows: Below ten thousand pesos (10,000php) (0); ten thousand one pesos to twenty thousand pesos (10,001 – 20,000) (2); twenty thousand one to thirty thousand pesos (20,001 – 30,000php) (2); thirty thousand one pesos to forty thousand (30,001 – 40,000php) (0); forty thousand one pesos to fifty thousand pesos (40,001 – 50,000php) (1); above fifty thousand one pesos (50,001php) (2). Communication, Public Relations and Communications, Journalism, Political Science, Legal Management, Philosophy, Specialization in Software Technology, Specialization in Network Engineering, Information and Communication Technology Management, Specialization in Instructional Systems Technology, Management Information Systems, Home Economics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Library Science, Child Development and Education, Music, Special Education, Advertising, Arts Management, Creative Writing, Industrial Design, Fashion Design and Merchandising, Music/Music Production got none. Table 3.1. Shows the reasons behind students’ preference for nursing as their career. Among the seven (7) students who chose nursing, four (4) said that they preferred nursing because of their desire to nurture, interest in science and disease, and their previous contact with healthcare system (relatives, peers, etc.). Three (3) out of seven also said that they chose nursing to meet their emotional needs, and because of their desire to work with all kinds of people. And one (1) said that she chose nursing because of employments/financial opportunities. Table 3.2. Shows the reason of Fourth Year high school students for their preference for other courses. Out of one hundred twenty-one students who chose other courses, eighty-eight said that they chose their desired course because of their own personal interest; twenty-nine (29) said that it was because their course of choice is aligned with their proficiency; twenty-six (26) said that it’s for certainty of employment; twenty-four (24) said that it is their parents/benefactors’ choice; brother’s choice, high salary, and family background got one (1) each. Table 4. Shows the perception of Fourth Year high School students to the nursing profession provided by the said respondents. Among the one hundred twenty-eight respondents, the perception of Fourth year high school students are as follow: nursing means providing care (27); nursing is a hard/difficult profession (24); nursing provides less job opportunities (17); nurses are overpopulated (11); nursing as a preparatory course for medicine (10); nursing means helping others (6); nurses save lives (4); nursing is not aligned to their interest (3); nursing deals with the health of people (2); nursing is an important aspect of the society (2); a nurse is someone who would specialize in different medical aspect (2); nursing is an important and a risky job (1), nursing is a way abroad (1); courageous job(1); tiresome job (1); very common job (1); boring job (1); nursing profession is enjoyable (1); nursing is a profession to be proud of (1); nursing tackles sciences and diseases’ information (1); no idea (1). Chapter V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The researchers found out that the most students perceive nursing as â€Å"providing care†, and that majority of fourth year high school students prefer to take other courses than nursing because of their personal interest, certainty of employment, alignment with their proficiency, and the choice of their parents/benefactors. The main objective of this study is to find out the perception of fourth year high school students studying in Koronadal on the nursing profession and their career choice. Specifically, the study answered questions about what fourth year high school students prefer to take as a course on college and the different reasons for the preference for such courses, and the reasons for the preference to take nursing. The study used the Descriptive Survey Method and the main tool used was the research-made or self-made type of examination (questionnaire), including the record sheet as instrumentally utilized for the 128 students as selected respondents in the fourth year. Majority of students, 26 students or 20.30% prefer Accounting over other courses followed by Medical Technology (14 students/10.9375%). The reasons for choosing these courses are their personal interest, certainty of employment, alignment with their proficiency, and the choice of their parents/benefactors. Seven (7) or 5.46875% students prefer nursing over other course, the top three (3) reasons for this are their desire to nurture, interest in science and diseases, and their previous contact with healthcare system. The researchers found out that majority of students (27 students) perceive nursing profession as â€Å"providing care†; followed by â€Å"nursing is hard/difficult profession† (24 students); and â€Å"nurses are over populated† (11 students). Conclusion Based on the results, the researchers concluded the following: Therefore, the respondents that choose nursing as their career were all females. Therefore, the respondents that choose nursing as their career mostly have fifty thousands (50,000 Php) and above family income. Therefore, the top reasons why students choose to take up nursing were their desire to nurture, they have an interest in sciences and disease, and they had previous contact with health care system. Therefore, the top reason of students for choosing other courses instead of nursing were their personal interest lies to their chosen course. And therefore, the respondents perceive nursing profession mostly as a profession that provides care. Recommendation Based from the result of the study, the researchers recommended the following: For nursing schools, that they will offer more high quality curriculum to attract more nursing enrollees and to have more proper dissemination of information about what the nursing profession truly is. For the Commission in Higher Education of the Philippines, that they will continuously monitor nursing schools in the country in delivering high quality nursing curriculum to produce skillful, knowledgeable and with good attitude professional nurses. For the parents, that they should always become a good support system for their sons and daughters in choosing their career in life. For students, in choosing a career, they must first assess their capacities, skills, personalities and abilities if it is really suited on the career they will choose. And for the future researchers, that they will conduct more studies with wider scope regarding the perception on nursing profession and career choice of high school students to obtain a more accurate and up-to-date results and interpretation. Recom: further studies why no male choose nursing Recom: career choice; in-demand courses (reasons)   

Employee Safety, Health and Welfare Essay

The Company has policies and programs to address our employees’ broad range of concerns which includes working conditions, skills training, career opportunities, health and safety, and work-life balance. We have training and development programs suited to our employees’ needs. We also organize programs that support the well-being of employees, allow them to participate in PLDT’s CSR activities and obtain their feedback on company concerns. In accordance with the PLDT Personnel Manual, the Company provides medical benefits for our employees, which extends to their qualified dependents, subject to certain terms and conditions, , as well as adequate insurance coverage. The Company has also issued a Manual of Safety Practices to fulfill its commitment of providing and maintaining a safe and healthful work environment that is in accordance with industrial standards and which complies with legislative requirements. Relevant data on Safety The Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) programs being implemented by the Company resulted to an accumulation of more than 14,400,000 safe man-hours in 2013 without lost time accidents. Relevant data on health and welfare The Company’s medical benefits include the full or partial cost of doctor consultation medical tests, medicine, hospital confinements and post-operative rehabilitation. Part of our preventive medical approach is to subject employees to Annual Physical and Dental Examination (88% compliance rate in 2013). Continuous medical education fora are being conducted monthly to address common health issues such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardio-pulmonary disease (82 conducted in 2013). The Company ensures that work-life balance is achieved by promoting sports and recreation programs with 30 various events (basketball, bowling, family fun day, volleyball, etc.) that covered and engaged 80% of employees in 2013. Likewise, the Company aims to empower its employees by providing them livelihood workshops and seminars (candle making, food processing, etc.) to engage them in productive activities that are potential for family income augmentation.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Essays - James Madison, Free Essays

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Essays - James Madison, Free Essays Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Most people think that the U.S. constitution was just ratified and there was no arguments over its passing. In fact there was almost enough opposition that it came very close to not being passed. It was the Hamiltonians vs. the Jeffersonians in almost all cases. Even before the United States Constitution was ratified there was debate over whether or not to have a strict interpretation or a loose one. There was also debate over a States right to nullify a law. As memories of Shays rebellion and the reality of the Whiskey rebellion came to the front the issue of undue force became an issue. One of the other major issues during this era was the debt and the national bank. Although the constitution was passed there was much debate over whether it should be a strict or loose interpretation. Hamiltons federalists thought it should be loose and Jeffersons democratic-republicans strict. If it was strict then the federal government would only have the powers specifically given to it because of the tenth amendment. Too justify it being loose the federalists used the elastic clause (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18) and then they could decide what was necessary and proper. Hamilton thought that the only way to protect states sovereignty and at the same time have a national government would be to have a strong central authority. The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions brought to the front a very important matter of concern, a states right to nullify a law. The federalists said that if a state could nullify a law then what did the laws mean. The democratic-republicans thought that if a law hurt a state unduly then it could be nullified. Resolved, the Kentucky Legislature declared in its opening paragraph, that whensoever the General Government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force. Supreme authority in America, it argued, was held not by the federal government but by the people and the states, and Congress and the president had only those powers clearly delegated to them by the Constitution. This issue would not be settled until the civil war This is one of the pivotal moments of politics at that time the federalists were thrown out in 1800 mainly because of this. Another cause for concern about the new government was the use of undue force. The democratic-republicans thought that Washington used too much force in putting down the whiskey rebellion. He used 12,950 men to put down that rebellion or the so-called insurrection as he called it. Washington did another thing to anger the democratic-republicans when he left Hamilton in charge or making the arrests. They thought that that was too much force for people who in their mind had good reason to rebel. The federalists thought that this was a good move. They based this on what happened with Shays rebellion. After the ratification of the U.S. Constitution the debt became an issue. The United States all told owed 54,000,000 and the States debts were 21,500,000. Hamilton came up with a brilliant plan to help pay off the debt. He would sell bonds to pay it off and keep the debt solely owed to the citizens of the U.S. Thus the only burden to the taxpayers would be the interest on the bonds, which would actually go back to the people. The Jeffersonians opposed this not because they doubted that it would work but because they thought that those who deserved the least would make the most. They were referring to the speculators who had purchased the papers at below their value. Also part of this plan was the bank of the United States. The bank was a good idea but too reminiscent of the Bank of England which some believed had caused England to be so harsh. The Jeffersonian and the Hamiltonians disagreed on almost every issue. There arguments can almost all be traced back to states rights vs. a strong central government. Although they agreed on some issues those were few and far between. These two parties would be the dominant force in politics for the next few decades.

The 8 Worst Office Problems Youll Deal With in the Summer

The 8 Worst Office Problems Youll Deal With in the Summer Summer is here! Which means most days you’ll be daydreaming about being absolutely anywhere else than where you are (aka at your desk). Here are 8 of the absolute worst summer office problems, just so you can be prepared for their awfulness in advance. 1. The Great Temperature DebateIt’s a hundred billion degrees outside and subzero inside. Whoever is in charge of the AC has gone way overboard and you find yourself shivering at your desk. You’ve brought socks and a heavy sweater just to make it through your day without losing a toe. Or worse, you’re the guy at the window with the sun baking in, and no matter what temperature the AC is set on, you’re still sweating buckets!2.  Commuting via Train or BusOkay, so this one is about getting to your office, but it’s still hell. There’s never AC in your subway  car or bus, and no one seems to understand the concept of deodorant. You’ve got smelly armpits and sweaty backs everywhere you turn. Tip: start avoiding rush hour. Come in early! Go home late! You don’t have to stay at work all that time, but you’ll spare yourself the inhumanity of the sardine commute. Happy hour, anyone?3. The â€Å"It† VacayEveryone is talking about going to that one island (like Ibiza or St. John) or that one summer party everybody goes to. None of your vacation plans or party plans are cool enough. You didn’t know people owned that much white linen.4. The Constant Countdownsâ€Å"16 days, 4 hours, and 39 minutes!† Your coworkers are all chirping out their timelines and squealing about just how soon their vacation is coming up! Even worse will be their Instagram feeds when they actually get to their glamorous destination. #neverleaving (sigh)5. Summer TreatsBe it a routine iced coffee run in the afternoon, or an ice cream habit†¦ bad for the waistline, good for morale. Still not really compensation, however, for being stuck inside.6. Outside L unchesOkay, despite sweating into your salad, so this is not a problem so much as a perk. Enjoy it. Sit on a park bench and bask.7. Dressing for WorkDo you dress for the swelter? Or the professional standard? Can you get away with showing all that cleavage? Or should you risk drenching yourself in sweat to arrive at the office modestly covered up? It’s a dilemma every day.8. The Office DeodorizerYes, we’re very glad our coworkers keep extra deodorant in their desks for days such as these. But do we need to SEE them apply? Or worse†¦ spray?

Form and Forum

Form and Forum Form and Forum Form and Forum By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, What is the difference in form and forum? Are they interchangeable? If not, what is the correct usage for each one? Regarding etymology, the noun form derives from Latin forma, whose primary meaning is shape or configuration. One speaks of â€Å"the human form,† â€Å"a form of behavior,† â€Å"the forms of a verb,† and so forth. Schools categorize students into forms, according to age or achievement. Certain types of behavior are considered â€Å"good form† or â€Å"bad form.† In our age of bureaucracy, we are frequently required to fill in the blanks on documents called forms. The English noun forum derives from Latin forum, â€Å"open space where people gather.† When people gather for any purpose, they exchange opinions. In Roman cities, the Forum was a centrally located open space where people sold produce and goods and where political candidates gave speeches. One of the meanings of forum in English is, â€Å"a place of public discussion.† On the Web, readers voice their opinions in a multitude of forums dedicated to various topics of discussion. Some of these forums boast memberships in the millions (figures from Wikipedia, â€Å"List of Internet forums†): Gaia Online (anime) 27,554,643 members; 1,000,000 posts per day. Bodybuilding 7,690,808 members; 108,244,009 posts per day. Stackoverflow (programming) 2,700,000 members; 26,000,000 posts per day. Here are some examples of form and forum in context: Why is it considered bad form to put the [wine] bottle on the table when opening it? Create a form to enter and view your data What is the simplest form to use to file my taxes? I propose establishing a Bitcoin peer review board [that would be] a forum of knowledgeable people that understand Bitcoin The Court of Public Opinion (COPO) is a Worldwide Forum of Ethics. Creighton Hosts Open Forum with Candidates for U.S. Congress It’s difficult to see how the nouns form and forum might be confused for one another. Speakers of some regional dialects do drag out the word form in speech, but in standard English, form is a one-syllable word. Forum is made up of two syllables. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastHow to Pronounce Mobile40 Synonyms for Praise

Networking Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Networking - Statistics Project Example Moreover, tree topology facilitates the network administrator to expand the network easily. However, if the network expands, it becomes more difficult for the network engineers to manage the network. 2 Issues of Tree Topology As there is no centralized provision of services, it is difficult for the network engineers to tackle issues related hardware, software and network services. Physical intervention is required as the hub backs up each network segment, if the hub become nonoperational, the workstations of the entire department becomes unavailable on the network. Moreover, it is not necessary that each network segment is using the same cabling scheme (Chapter 5: Topology). Due to compatibility issues, cross cabling or straight cabling is required, consequently making difficult for network engineers to troubleshoot network issues. Moreover, due to separate network segments on the network, some network segments may become vulnerable to threats, as network administrators do not have a centralized access to the network devices. These considerations must be analyzed during the network design stage of an organization. 3 Network Infrastructure Recommended LAN topology is a star topology. As star topology shares many advantages, the most prominent one is the centralized administration and monitoring of the network. Moreover, star topology provides high data speeds along with easy installation of cables. Any component on the network can be removed or plugged in without any interruption. Likewise, centralized administration facilitates network administrators and engineering to detect issues and faulty components. Hubs may deteriorate network performance. As they can only operate on the maximum data transmission speed of 10 Mbps and copy data files to the designated... Recommended LAN topology is a star topology. As star topology shares many advantages, the most prominent one is the centralized administration and monitoring of the network. Moreover, star topology provides high data speeds along with easy installation of cables. Any component on the network can be removed or plugged in without any interruption. Likewise, centralized administration facilitates network administrators and engineering to detect issues and faulty components. Hubs may deteriorate network performance. As they can only operate on the maximum data transmission speed of 10 Mbps and copy data files to the designated ports, files that are larger will take time and may congest the network. However, cost of the hub is low as compared to a switch; it may affect the performance of the network. On the other hand, switches can improve network performance significantly. As switches can learn the MAC address of the sender, they create a management information base for storing all the MAC addresses of network nodes. This will eliminate the time taken by the switch to identify and learn MAC address of the sender. Moreover, switches can provide the overall network usage along with statistics related to access policies via the network. Switches only share a disadvantage of a high cost as compared to hubs. A simple definition of regenerative repeater is available in network dictionary which states it as â€Å"a device which regenerates incoming digital si gnals and then retransmit these signals on an outgoing circuit†.

ECMT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ECMT - Assignment Example From table 1 we find that the computed t-statistic is 0.275, and the p-value is 0.78. Recall that the critical t-value at the 5% level is 1.96. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, we fail to reject that the coefficient of D2 is statistically significantly not different from zero. Yes, there is evidence to support that inclusion of central air conditioning leads to higher prices. This is evident from the fact that the estimated coefficient on the variable â€Å"central air† is positive and significant. The dummy variables for coastal proximity are D1 and D2. If the coefficients of these turn out to be significantly different from zero, we can conclude that coastal proximity does indeed lead to differences in prices. We have already tested for significance of the coefficient on D2 in part (e). Using the same methodology of a t-test of = 0 against the alternative of 0, we find that the calculated t-value is 1.714 which is significant only at the 10% level but not at the 5% level (p-value = 0.09). Thus we conclude the coefficient is statistically insignificant as well at the 5% level. Thus, since neither coefficient turns out to be significant, we conclude that we do not have any evidence to suggest that proximity to coast makes any differences to the prices with 95% or higher

How the Canadian Banking System Survives the Subprime Meltdown Essay

How the Canadian Banking System Survives the Subprime Meltdown - Essay Example High interest rates in mortgage had increased the lending operations of the commercial banks. The quality of credit started to fall drastically. This had resulted in the collapse of many financial institutions. However, the Canadian banking system had managed to survive these critical conditions. Thus, it is highly rational to realize the underlying cases for this success. The following essay would consider the background, methodology and analysis regarding the topic of discussion (Brender & Pisani, 2010). The goals of the essay are as follows: To understand the nature of Canadian Banking System. To interpret empirical data explaining the various types of banking economic indicators. To analyze the models or the policies those were used by the banking institutions of Canada to protect their economy from the impending danger. To conclude on the overall performance of the Canadian banks in the context of the matter of discussion. Background It was found that during the subprime meltdow n, the nation of Canada did not encounter an absolute collapse of its financial institutions. The five commercial banks in Canada had experienced profit during the financial crisis in the money markets of other economies. ... There are three characteristics of the monetary authorities in Canada: The different monetary policies which are undertaken by the commercial banks in Canada are introduced by the Bank of Canada. This banking organization is owned by the government of the country and is highly interlinked with the Federal government. However, it should be observed that the federal government is not allowed to interfere in the monetary affairs of the country. The rates of interests charged on different assets in Canada are the same for similar assets in the other regions of the country. The Bank of Canada is the primary organization that engages in the function of issuing money to the economy. There is only a single policy instrument that is adopted by the Bank of Canada. The Bank of Canada often charges the overnight interest rates for the country. By changing the level of overnight interest rates, the bank introduces various changes in the different interest rates in the market. Reasons for the Succ ess Many analysts and economists believe that the strong regulations which are implemented by the commercial banks of Canada were responsible for their successful performance even at the critical situations. Moreover, the commercial banks in Canada were highly united with each other, which in turn had helped them to coordinate and take business decisions jointly. In Canada, if the commercial banks had offered credit to the individuals on 80% of the value of a house loan, then they ensured that the debtor had insurance for the mortgage. The banks only issued loans to those individuals, with a worth of 80% (mortgage value), who could offer the mortgage insurance against the loan. Moreover, the commercial banks also

The Matrix Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Matrix - Movie Review Example The Matrix depicts that human intelligence is a strong force which cannot be repeated or mechanically restored. The movie portrays human intelligence is based on such issues as reasoning, thinking, and problem solving. People differ in their ability to reason effectively. However, the cognitive processes responsible for human actions and performance cannot be repeated by machines. The movie portrays that most people live in quite large social groups, and their intelligence evolved to cope with the demands of social life, the need to learn one's place in a social hierarchy, how to interact with one's social superiors and inferiors, how to co-operate with others, and how, sometimes, to outwit them. In the article, Lazar underlines that: â€Å"power in itself is deceptive as it is based on a paradox: it allows the taste of truth/knowledge but causes its own end (and arguably the end of truth/knowledge)† Using such characters as Neo, Morpheus and Trinity, the movie portrays that o nly human beings have the ability to think and apply decision-making to complex situations. Machines are unable to think flexibly. The Matrix shows that people go one step further by attributing, the possession of a 'theory of mind' which, they proposed, underlay the machines ability to understand, control, or predict the behavior of others. The idea has been taken up by numerous fiction writers, some of whom have argued that we possess a domain-specific 'theory of mind module'.

Global Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Marketing - Assignment Example Culture is recognised to be an essential factor which imposes considerable impact upon the entire performance of the organisations (Lee & Carter, 2009; Bardhan & et. al., 2006). Culture is recognised to be an essential element on the basis of which the different magnitudes of human behaviour are determined. Culture comprises different elements that include belief, morals, knowledge, art and customs among others. These are various elements that depict the culture of a particular society. Moreover, culture is based on different macro environmental factors including social, economic, political and religious beliefs. In this regard, people of a society develop cultural values, behaviour and beliefs on the basis of the aforementioned factors (Soares & et. al., 2007). Culture is based on various concepts such as attitudes, values and ideas through which people perform various actions in a society. The cultural values and beliefs are usually shared amid the people of a society according to which individuals develop their ethnic values and purchasing behaviour (Belshek, 2004). Global marketing is often regarded as an appropriate strategy which adopt by business originations with the intention of conducting diverse operational functions effectively on a global context. Presently, there are various factors that can be viewed to be responsible for business organisations to execute their respective operations successfully in overseas business market segments. In this regard, these factors comprise minimised or unrestricted trade barriers, multilateral agreements in relation to trade activities and prevalence of common business market conditions. Culture is often recognised to play an imperative role in supporting the organisations towards making effective decisions. Business organisations, in order to execute their respective operational functions or activities efficiently in the worldwide market segments, are required to possess adequate knowledge in relation to fundament al and cultural values. In this respect, organisations having adequate knowledge in relation to cultural values will be able to operate their business operations with greater efficiency. It is worth mentioning that organisations, with appropriate understanding and knowledge about cultural values and beliefs will be facilitated with the opportunity of formulating along with executing effective marketing strategies towards the accomplishment of predetermined business targets (Vogt, 2013; Kotabe & Hesen, 2010; Gillespie & et. al., 2010; Lee & Carter, 2009). Culture should be considered in global marketing as the present business market scenario or the market conditions is recognised to be changing frequently due to several factors. The foremost factors for the change in the market conditions can be apparently observed as the development of new business markets and the preferences of global consumers that are likely to alter in relation to demographics along with expectations. It has be en viewed that the global marketing activities have changed due to the dissimilar cultural values along with beliefs that holds by the worldwide customers (Keegan, 2011; Lee & Carter, 2009; Passaris, 2006; Picard, 2004). Thus, it can be affirmed that the market conditions of global market are often predicted to remain much dependent

Technology paper ( mouse) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology paper ( mouse) - Essay Example Introduction Technological revolution and the use of computers systems have transformed human perception to almost all operations and tasks. Living in the midst of technological harbor, several changes have been envisaged with the use of computer application, which transforms the society into a digital hub leading to sustainable economy. The use of computer systems has facilitated management, communication, data processing and information security but all these has been made even much easier with an aid of a computer mouse, which is classified as a computer point and draw device [Salvendy,2001,p. 36]. The mouse innovation According to SpringerLink, 2011, p. [1236], the earliest forms of computers such as the electronic numerical integrators or the main frames never used the mouse technology. This is because their applications were based on command prompt, which only required typing in commands to execute an instruction. However, with the introduction of windows in 1985, a mouse was d eveloped to assist in the maneuvering around the computer different applications. A mouse sizeable enough to fit the palm is made up of two buttons left and right with a trackball at the bottom. It is meant to detect two dimensional motions relative to the supporting surface. The mouse is meant to be physically beneath the palm with the two fingers resting on the buttons respectively. When the device moves on a surface, the user gets into a position to track, drag select and move files, icons or even folders. Moreover, a mouse allows the user to draw images and navigate almost all applications within a computer system. The first mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1968 after completing his research concerning studies about the human interpretation with computers. However, the official launch of this invention was put into public at Xerox Paulo research center in 1970 [SpringerLink, 2011.p. 1236]. Classifications of mouse Since the introduction of mouse into the market, there have been several classifications based on technology, mode of operation and usage. The most common type of mouse in the market includes: Mechanical mouse This type of mouse uses a ball to move the cursor on the surface of the screen. In order to enjoy the best efficacies, a flat pad would be needed to enable the rubber ball which is contained beneath to roll easily. The rolling ball would triggers the movement of the cursor on to the surface, which further translates into information understood by the computer system [SpringerLink, 2011, p 1236]. Optical mouse Optical mouse uses the sense of lesser rays to help detect the mouse movement in line with the arranged pixels on the surface where the movement is being made. The optical mouse uses red light emitting diode (LED) sensor to induce movement on the surfaces and send signals into the computer for interpretations. The red light emitting diode (LED) bounces the light off the surface onto the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS). This mouse offers, the most effective speed and can be used in almost all surfaces [SpringerLink, 2011, p. 1236]. Wireless mouse This type of mouse usually comes up with additional dongle that are attached to the USB ports. The mouse itself contains a Bluetooth transmitter, which sends signal to the dongle acting as the Bluetooth receiver. The signals would then be interpreted by the computer

Global Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Marketing - Assignment Example Culture is recognised to be an essential factor which imposes considerable impact upon the entire performance of the organisations (Lee & Carter, 2009; Bardhan & et. al., 2006). Culture is recognised to be an essential element on the basis of which the different magnitudes of human behaviour are determined. Culture comprises different elements that include belief, morals, knowledge, art and customs among others. These are various elements that depict the culture of a particular society. Moreover, culture is based on different macro environmental factors including social, economic, political and religious beliefs. In this regard, people of a society develop cultural values, behaviour and beliefs on the basis of the aforementioned factors (Soares & et. al., 2007). Culture is based on various concepts such as attitudes, values and ideas through which people perform various actions in a society. The cultural values and beliefs are usually shared amid the people of a society according to which individuals develop their ethnic values and purchasing behaviour (Belshek, 2004). Global marketing is often regarded as an appropriate strategy which adopt by business originations with the intention of conducting diverse operational functions effectively on a global context. Presently, there are various factors that can be viewed to be responsible for business organisations to execute their respective operations successfully in overseas business market segments. In this regard, these factors comprise minimised or unrestricted trade barriers, multilateral agreements in relation to trade activities and prevalence of common business market conditions. Culture is often recognised to play an imperative role in supporting the organisations towards making effective decisions. Business organisations, in order to execute their respective operational functions or activities efficiently in the worldwide market segments, are required to possess adequate knowledge in relation to fundament al and cultural values. In this respect, organisations having adequate knowledge in relation to cultural values will be able to operate their business operations with greater efficiency. It is worth mentioning that organisations, with appropriate understanding and knowledge about cultural values and beliefs will be facilitated with the opportunity of formulating along with executing effective marketing strategies towards the accomplishment of predetermined business targets (Vogt, 2013; Kotabe & Hesen, 2010; Gillespie & et. al., 2010; Lee & Carter, 2009). Culture should be considered in global marketing as the present business market scenario or the market conditions is recognised to be changing frequently due to several factors. The foremost factors for the change in the market conditions can be apparently observed as the development of new business markets and the preferences of global consumers that are likely to alter in relation to demographics along with expectations. It has be en viewed that the global marketing activities have changed due to the dissimilar cultural values along with beliefs that holds by the worldwide customers (Keegan, 2011; Lee & Carter, 2009; Passaris, 2006; Picard, 2004). Thus, it can be affirmed that the market conditions of global market are often predicted to remain much dependent

International Marketing Environment Research Paper

International Marketing Environment - Research Paper Example Evidently, all these constraints affect the flexibility of doing international trade. A country while exporting its domestic products is benefited by the foreign exchange income as well as by the new employment opportunities. On the other hand, while importing goods from other countries, a ‘consumer surplus’ is being created when the consumers are benefited by the availability of better products at a lesser price. Utilizing the both benefits, government has the ethical responsibility to facilitate international trade to those who are willing to invest in the international markets. However, when considerations about the local market come to the surface, the introduction of the international trade becomes a job that is easier said than done. To illustrate, the victims of the international trade are the local businesses that are not able to compete with foreign products. In such situation, the role of the government becomes more critical on taking appropriate actions which will not badly affect both the groups. The foremost five levels of economic integration are Free trade area, Customs union, Common market, Economic union, and Political union. As the international trade is widening and more countries are ready and willing to invest in it, the level of economic integration has to be refurnished between various groups of nations. It is not practicable to think that all countries would follow the precise pattern of economic integration, but we can expect for the development of basic arrangements such as lowering and abolishing the hurdles to trade and creating an economical environment. New economic integration techniques must be brought up to cope up with the new international trade needs. As Holden (2003) points out, a most mentioned example for this is the European Union, which has evolved from a collection of autarkical nations to develop into a completely integrated economic unit. At the outbreak of globalization, economic integration had been one of the forces behind the international trade making. We can sort that fact out from the performance of the multinational organizations that have developed into the most profitable business concerns in the recent years. An organization must be aware of the culture and language of the country where it is going to make its huge investment. With the successful take off, international business will rely more towards the economic integration for its future achievements on the global scale. II. Economical and Cultural elements of International Marketing Environment Economic, cultural, political, technological, social, and legal elements are most important for the international marketing environment (The legal, political/ trade environment). Many write down the importance of economic element as, â€Å"With money all things are possible, without money many things are impossible†. The economic element plays a vital role in the international marketing environment. A technologically adv anced industrial product requires a technologically advanced buyer. In the same way, luxury products are not meant to be sold to low-income consumers. Therefore, international market for high-priced luxury items of food, furniture and durable products need large support of consumers who have the capacity to make large purchase from these hypermarkets. However, the global economic growth today has been at pace comparing to that of the previous year.